M1 crosses from Mac into iPad Pro
The 2021 iPad Pro adopted the same M1 family introduced for Mac, making Apple silicon an explicit hardware bridge between Apple's computer and tablet platforms.
Technology threads
Archive chapter
What changed across Apple in 2021: ecosystem turning points, hardware launches, software releases and the support boundaries that moved with them.
Historical context
Curated, source-backed moments that explain how products, software and technologies changed direction together. These records add context without duplicating the canonical product or OS facts below.
The 2021 iPad Pro adopted the same M1 family introduced for Mac, making Apple silicon an explicit hardware bridge between Apple's computer and tablet platforms.
Technology threads
Software history
Verified public releases in 2021, including major-version milestones, maintenance updates and products that lost major-version support.
iPhone OS / iOS
33 public releases in this major line · 32 point updates
Spatial audio makes people’s voices sound like they’re coming from the direction in which they’re positioned on the screen on Group FaceTime calls (iPhone XS, iPhone XS Max, iPhone XR and later)
Shared with You shows content sent to you by friends in Messages conversations in a new section in Photos, Safari, Apple News, Apple Music, Apple Podcasts, or the Apple TV app
Focus lets you automatically filter notifications based on what you’re currently doing, such as fitness, sleep, gaming, reading, driving, work, or personal time
A new look displays contact photos for people and larger icons for apps
Detailed city maps display elevation, trees, buildings, landmarks, crosswalks and turn lanes, and 3D views to navigate complex interchanges, and more in San Francisco Bay Area, Los Angeles, New York, and London, with more cities coming in the future (iPhone XS, iPhone XS Max, iPhone XR and later)
Bottom tab bar is easier to reach and helps you move between tabs by swiping left or right
Home keys let you tap to unlock a supported home or apartment door lock (iPhone XS, iPhone XS Max, iPhone XR and later)
Live Text makes text interactive in your photos so you can copy and paste, look up, and translate in Photos, Screenshot, Quick Look, Safari, and live previews with Camera (iPhone XS, iPhone XS Max, iPhone XR and later)
Rich results brings together all the information you’re looking for on contacts, actors, musicians, movies, and TV shows
New look for Memories with a new interactive interface, animated cards with smart, adaptive titles, new animation and transition styles, and multiple image collages
iPadOS
32 public releases in this major line · 31 point updates
The multitasking menu at the top of apps lets you enter Split View, Slide Over, or go full screen
Widgets can be placed among apps on your Home Screen
App Library automatically organizes the apps on your iPad into an easy-to-navigate view
Quick Note lets you take a note from anywhere in iPadOS by swiping your finger or Apple Pencil
Spatial audio makes people’s voices sound like they’re coming from the direction in which they’re positioned on the screen on Group FaceTime calls (iPad with A12 Bionic and later)
Shared with You shows content sent to you by friends in Messages conversations in a new section in Photos, Safari, Apple News, Apple Music, Apple Podcasts, or the Apple TV app
Focus lets you automatically filter notifications based on what you’re currently doing, such as fitness, sleep, gaming, reading, driving, work, or personal time
A new look displays contact photos for people and larger icons for apps
Detailed city maps display elevation, trees, landmarks, crosswalks and turn lanes, 3D views to navigate complex interchanges, and more in San Francisco Bay Area, Los Angeles, New York, and London, with more cities coming in the future (iPad with A12 Bionic and later)
Tab Groups help you save and organize your tabs and easily access them across devices
Apple TV Software / tvOS
10 public releases in this major line · 9 point updates
Apple TV app:1 Browse the For You or For All of You row to get recommended titles for everyone watching. Check the Shared with You to see the shows and movies your friends share in Messages.
Siri:2 Siri now understands Cantonese in Hong Kong, English in India, Italian in Italy, and Mandarin in Taiwan.
Enhanced audio: Enjoy spatial audio when using AirPods Pro and AirPods Max with Apple TV 4K. Or use HomePod mini as your default speaker for Apple TV 4K.
HomePod controls: Launch apps and control Apple TV from your HomePod mini. Say something like, "Hey Siri, play Trolls World Tour on the TV."
Home: See all your HomeKit cameras at once and control nearby accessories when viewing a camera on your Apple TV.
Sign in: Use Face ID or Touch ID on your iPhone or iPad to complete a purchase or to sign in to supported apps on your Apple TV.
Screen savers: Enjoy stunning views of the Grand Canyon, Patagonia, and Yosemite. Press the clickpad or tap the Touch surface on your Siri Remote to see the location, or swipe to see the next screen saver.
watchOS
15 public releases in this major line · 14 point updates
Portraits face uses segmentation data from portrait photos taken on iPhone to create an immersive, multi-layered face (Apple Watch Series 4 and later)
Status and controls for accessories in your home now appear at the top of the Home app
Home keys let you tap to unlock a supported home or apartment door lock
New custom algorithms in the Workout app for Tai Chi and Pilates provide accurate tracking of calorie metrics
Guided Meditations can help you practice meditation, featuring audio sessions on Apple Watch and video sessions on iPhone, iPad, and Apple TV that guide you through specific themes
Mindfulness app includes an enhanced Breathe experience along with a new Reflect session
Respiratory rate is measured by Apple Watch during sleep
Ability to compose or reply to messages by using Scribble, dictation, and emoji all from the same screen
Redesigned Photos app allows you to view and manage your photo library from your wrist
Find Items app allows you to locate items with an attached AirTag and compatible third-party products with the Find My network
Mac OS X / OS X / macOS
27 public releases in this major line · 26 point updates
Monterey expanded FaceTime with spatial audio, Voice Isolation and Wide Spectrum modes, while SharePlay enabled synchronized media experiences during calls.
AirPlay to Mac let users present, play and share content from an iPhone or iPad directly on a Mac display and speakers.
System intelligence could recognize selectable text in images and identify subjects such as landmarks, plants, pets and artwork.
Safari introduced Tab Groups to organize sets of websites and keep them synchronized across Apple devices.
The Shortcuts app arrived on Mac, bringing Apple’s cross-device automation model into the desktop environment alongside Automator.
Universal Control extended a single keyboard and pointing device across nearby Macs and iPads as part of Monterey’s cross-device workflow.
Major-version support ended
Public release history
72 public point updates are recorded for this year. Expand a platform to inspect the version-by-version release dates.
Hardware releases
Filters below affect the hardware list only. Product relationships and generation deltas still come from the canonical lineage catalog.
13 catalogued products
Apple TV · 4K
Resolved long-standing remote ergonomic frustrations with the aluminum clickpad Siri Remote while introducing Apple A12 Bionic silicon, High Frame Rate 4K HDR, HDMI 2.1 with eARC, and Thread mesh smart-home networking.
all-new one-piece 100% recycled aluminum chassis featuring an innovative touch-enabled 5-way clickpad with circular outer ring jog-dial scrubbing, dedicated TV power button, mute button, and side-mounted Siri button.
High Frame Rate HDR support (up to 4K at 60 fps in Dolby Vision and HDR10).
Apple A12 Bionic processor (6-core CPU, 4-core GPU, 8-core Neural Engine).
HDMI 2.1 output port supporting enhanced Audio Return Channel (eARC), enabling television and gaming console audio to route through connected HomePod speakers.
Integrated Thread mesh networking radio (functioning as a HomeKit / Matter Thread border router).
Wi-Fi 6 (802.11ax) with 2x2 MIMO.
Automatic Color Balance feature utilizing an iPhone's front light sensor to calibrate television picture quality.
Processor advanced from Apple A10X Fusion to Apple A12 Bionic with dedicated machine learning hardware.
Wi-Fi standard upgraded from Wi-Fi 5 (802.11ac) to Wi-Fi 6 (802.11ax).
HDMI interface updated from HDMI 2.0a to HDMI 2.1.
Remote controller interaction completely redesigned from a flat glass touchpad to a physical tactile clickpad with hybrid touch gestures.
Siri Remote (1st generation) glass touch trackpad architecture.
Main unit enclosure dimensions (98 x 98 x 35 mm, 425 g), active centrifugal cooling fan, Gigabit Ethernet port, built-in universal power supply, and pricing tiers at $179 (32 GB) and $199 (64 GB).
iPad · Pro
Transplants Mac-class Apple silicon M1 into an 11-inch iPad, bringing Thunderbolt/USB 4, 5G, and Center Stage to the compact pro canvas.
8-core CPU (4 performance cores, 4 efficiency cores), 8-core GPU, and 16-core Neural Engine. Delivers 50% faster CPU and 40% faster GPU performance over A12Z Bionic.
Port bandwidth quadrupled to 40Gbps; supports high-speed external storage, docks, and external displays up to 6K resolution (including Apple Pro Display XDR).
Supports ultra-fast 5G connectivity (including mmWave in the US, sub-6GHz globally) with eSIM support.
122-degree field of view front camera uses machine learning to automatically pan, zoom, and keep subjects centered during video calls.
8GB RAM on 128GB, 256GB, and 512GB storage tiers; 16GB RAM on 1TB and 2TB tiers.
Doubling previous maximum capacity to 2TB.
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2x faster storage access speed and unified memory pool shared between CPU and GPU.
Upgraded from 7MP FaceTime HD to 12MP Ultra Wide with Center Stage.
Reduced slightly to 466 g (Wi-Fi) / 468 g (Cellular) (from 471 g / 473 g).
Replaced by Apple M-series silicon.
2388 x 1668 resolution at 264 ppi, ProMotion 120Hz, True Tone, P3, 600 nits peak brightness (retains standard LED backlight, unlike 12.9-inch mini-LED).
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Powered by a 28.65-watt-hour battery.
iPad · Pro
Debuts the Liquid Retina XDR mini-LED display with 1,000,000:1 contrast ratio, powered by the desktop-class Apple silicon M1 chip and Thunderbolt.
Uses an array of over 10,000 custom mini-LEDs grouped into 2,596 full-array local dimming zones; achieves 1,000,000:1 contrast ratio, 1000 nits full-screen brightness, and 1600 nits peak HDR brightness; supports advanced HDR workflows (Dolby Vision, HDR10, HLG).
8-core CPU (4 performance, 4 efficiency), 8-core GPU, and 16-core Neural Engine, matching Mac silicon performance.
40Gbps bidirectional throughput supporting high-speed RAID arrays, 10GbE network adapters, and external displays up to 6K (Apple Pro Display XDR).
High-speed 5G support including mmWave (US) and sub-6GHz globally.
12MP Ultra Wide camera (122-degree FOV) with intelligent automatic subject framing.
8GB RAM on 128GB, 256GB, 512GB tiers; 16GB RAM on 1TB, 2TB tiers.
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Increased from 5.9 mm to 6.4 mm (+0.5 mm) to accommodate the mini-LED backlight array and optical diffuser sheets.
Increased from 641 g / 643 g to 682 g (Wi-Fi) / 684 g (Cellular).
Increased from $999 to $1,099 (US) for Wi-Fi and $1,299 (US) for Wi-Fi + Cellular (128GB) reflecting the mini-LED display cost.
Replaced by mini-LED backlight.
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2732 x 2048 resolution at 264 ppi.
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Compatible with existing Magic Keyboard (though tighter fit due to 0.5 mm thickness increase).
Powered by a 40.88-watt-hour battery.
Mac · iMac
The 24-inch iMac recast Apple’s all-in-one desktop around M1 with a thin color-led design and a 4.5K Retina display.
24-inch iMac design in seven colors, powered by the Apple M1 chip.
24-inch 4.5K Retina display with 11.3 million pixels.
1080p FaceTime HD camera and a six-speaker sound system with spatial audio.
Magnetic power connector, with optional Gigabit Ethernet integrated into the power adapter.
Touch ID on the Magic Keyboard.
Apple Watch · Series
A re-engineered display expands screen area by nearly 20 percent with 1.7mm borders, introduces 41mm and 45mm case sizes, adds a full on-screen QWERTY keyboard, and debuts fast charging.
Replaces the 40mm and 44mm case standards used since Series 4, expanding physical casing dimensions by 1mm while retaining complete backwards compatibility with previous Apple Watch bands.
Screen borders reduced by 40% compared to Series 6, delivering nearly 20% more screen area than Series 6 and more than 50% more than Series 3; optical refractive edge bends light subtly at the perimeter for a continuous wrap-around surface.
watchOS 8 software keyboard interface uniquely enabled by the physical screen enlargement, allowing tap or swipe typing across full alphabetical keys.
Redesigned internal charging architecture paired with a new USB-C magnetic fast charging cable enables 0 to 80% charge in approximately 45 minutes (~33% faster than Series 7's predecessor).
The first Apple Watch to achieve formal IP6X dust ingress protection, complementing existing WR50 water resistance.
Redesigned front crystal with a flat base is over 50% thicker at its highest point than Series 6, providing improved structural durability against cracks.
(minor): Dedicated watch faces tailored specifically to exploit the expansive display area and curved refractive borders.
Display luminance indoors when the user's wrist is down is up to 70% brighter than Series 6 without waking the screen.
(minor): Packaging adjusted to accommodate new display controller and fast charging hardware, while maintaining dual-core 64-bit CPU performance parity with the S6.
Retired from the mainline Series tier in favor of 41mm and 45mm formats.
(minor): Replaced by Midnight and Starlight color options in aluminum.
Preserved the 18-hour run-time standard despite driving an expanded, brighter Always-On display surface.
Retained the electrical heart sensor (ECG app), third-generation optical heart sensor, and Blood Oxygen (SpO2) sensor from Series 6.
Maintained band interchangeability across case transitions (41mm accepts 38mm/40mm bands; 45mm accepts 42mm/44mm bands).
iPad · Standard
The final iPad generation with a physical Home button and headphone jack, upgrading the front camera to 12MP Ultra Wide with Center Stage, doubling base storage, and adding True Tone.
Replaces the 1.2MP camera with a 12MP sensor (f/2.4 aperture, 122-degree field of view) and machine learning-powered Center Stage auto-framing, migrated from the 2021 iPad Pro.
Ambient light sensor adjusts color temperature to match ambient room lighting.
20% faster CPU, GPU, and Neural Engine than A12 Bionic.
Starts at 64GB (up from 32GB) with a 256GB top tier (up from 128GB) at the same $329 entry price ($299 education).
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Upgraded from 720p to 1080p HD video at 25, 30, or 60 fps with cinematic video stabilization.
Streamlined to Space Gray and Silver (Gold finish discontinued on base line).
487 g (Wi-Fi) / 498 g (Cellular) (from 490 g / 495 g).
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2160 x 1620 resolution at 264 ppi, 500 nits brightness.
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Powered by a 32.4-watt-hour battery.
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iPad · mini
Reinvents the iPad mini with an all-screen 8.3-inch Liquid Retina display, Top Button Touch ID, USB-C, Apple Pencil 2 magnetic charging, 5G, and A15 Bionic.
Flat-edge aluminum unibody with narrow uniform bezels; display expands from 7.9 inches to 8.3 inches while the overall device length actually decreases by 7.8 mm (195.4 mm vs 203.2 mm).
2266 x 1488 resolution at 326 ppi with rounded display corners, True Tone, P3 wide color, full lamination, anti-reflective coating, and 500 nits brightness.
Fingerprint sensor embedded into top power button, preserving biometric authentication without bezels or Face ID.
Moved to the top edge of the enclosure to accommodate the Apple Pencil 2 magnetic charging dock on the right side; buttons dynamically switch volume-up/down mapping based on device orientation.
Replaces Lightning with USB-C (USB 3.1 Gen 1, up to 5Gbps), enabling connections to cameras, external drives, and 4K displays.
Magnetic attachment and wireless inductive charging on the side.
6-core CPU (2 performance, 4 efficiency), 5-core GPU, and 16-core Neural Engine; 40% jump in CPU and 80% leap in graphics over A12 Bionic.
Up to 3.5Gbps peak cellular speeds with Gigabit LTE and eSIM.
12MP Ultra Wide front camera (122-degree field of view) with machine-learning automatic framing.
12MP Wide camera (f/1.8 aperture, Focus Pixels) with Quad-LED True Tone flash and 4K video recording at 24/25/30/60 fps.
Dual speaker system providing stereo separation in landscape mode.
Space gray, pink, purple, and starlight.
Height reduced from 203.2 mm to 195.4 mm while screen increased from 7.9" to 8.3".
Reduced from 300.5 g to 293 g (Wi-Fi) / 297 g (Cellular).
Increased from $399 to $499 (US).
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Powered by a 19.3-watt-hour battery.
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iPhone · Standard
Sensor-shift stabilization, Cinematic mode, A15, and longer battery life refine the 12-era design.
A stabilization feature previously associated with 12 Pro Max moved into the standard camera system.
Video gained rack-focus-style computational depth transitions.
iPhone · mini
The mini branch receives the 13 generation’s camera, A15, and battery improvements.
The small branch gained the same sensor-shift and Cinematic mode direction as iPhone 13.
iPhone · Pro
ProMotion and a rebuilt camera system make display fluidity and imaging the defining Pro changes.
Adaptive refresh up to 120Hz arrived on iPhone.
The Ultra Wide camera gained macro focusing capability.
iPhone · Pro Max
The Max branch shares the full ProMotion and rebuilt camera system with the smaller Pro.
The Max branch gained the same adaptive 120Hz ProMotion display.
AirPods · Standard
Contoured ergonomic redesign, force sensor controls, Spatial Audio with dynamic head tracking, and Adaptive EQ bring Pro-tier acoustic capabilities to the open-ear standard branch.
Shorter stem and refined ergonomic contours direct sound into the ear canal while preserving an open, non-occluding fit without silicone ear tips.
Gyroscope and accelerometer sensors track head movement to place Dolby Atmos and multichannel audio in fixed 3D space.
Inward-facing microphones measure what the user hears and adjust low- and mid-frequencies in real time to compensate for fit variations.
Advanced optical/capacitive skin-detect sensors accurately distinguish skin from other surfaces (such as pockets or tables), preventing accidental playback.
Squeeze-based force sensor on the stem replaces the tap interaction for music playback and call management.
Standard case features magnetic alignment with MagSafe chargers, Qi wireless charging, and Lightning wired charging.
Rated IPX4 water resistance for both the earbuds and the charging case.
Full-HD speech quality for crystal-clear voice communication on FaceTime calls.
Increased to up to 6 hours of listening time (up from 5 hours) and up to 30 hours total with the charging case.
Custom low-distortion driver paired with a high dynamic range amplifier for cleaner bass and crisp high frequencies.
Continues utilizing the H1 chip for hands-free "Hey Siri", fast device switching, and audio sharing.
Mac · MacBook Pro
The 2021 14-inch and 16-inch MacBook Pro generation combined M1 Pro and M1 Max with Liquid Retina XDR displays and an expanded port set.
14-inch MacBook Pro size alongside the 16-inch model, with M1 Pro and M1 Max configurations.
Liquid Retina XDR displays with ProMotion adaptive refresh rates up to 120Hz.
HDMI, SDXC, MagSafe 3, and three Thunderbolt 4 ports.
Magic Keyboard with full-height function keys, including a physical Escape key.